Assignment # 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment # 7 - Essay Example This change has occurred as a result of the need to have a focused media plan. The coverage of many of the traditional methods was wide and reaching a specific target audience would be difficult (Banerjee, 2015). The need to reach a specific target audience has created the shift from traditional media form to the modern approaches which include the use of social media. The modern media planning trends have resulted in the increased utilisation of social media in conducting many marketing activities. These non-traditional forms have created a level of interaction in which the business and clients can communicate directly. The efficiency and speed with which these forms have been able to improve media campaigns remains the key factor which has contributed to their increased utilisation in the modern times. The capability to interact directly with the audience makes these interactive media very efficient in reaching the target audience in may market. Traditional methods lacked the capacity to reach specific audience and involved a wide

Chemistry in Our Dailylife Essay Example for Free

Chemistry in Our Dailylife Essay Our entire universe is made up of matter which is constantly changing forms and evolving into other forms of energy. Chemistry is defined as the study or science of this ever changing matter. The other sciences which we study commonly like biology, physics and mathematics are all dependent on chemistry and are known as specific studies under the elaborate subject of chemistry. Since there is chemistry seen in biological forms as well as physical states of nature, there are subjects called biochemistry and physical chemistry which help study these changes. There are many chemical changes which occur around us everyday but we are never aware of them. But this is a great way of teaching children how magical the world of chemistry is! With these real examples you can teach them by taking a chemistry in everyday life quiz, as practical studies are always fun to learn. To make this job easier for you, mentioned below are a few such examples of chemistry in everyday life, take a look! Examples There are chemical reactions in daily life like, in the way you breathe, the food you eat, the water you drink and in every motion which is taking place around you at every second of the day. It is a very important and interesting concept which could be taught to your children as they have to know, how their world works. The best way to explain this to them is to show them practically how and why are a few things in nature the way they are! You can do this by demonstrating a few kids chemistry experiments for them. An essay on this topic can be a great start to teach these kids, what a wonderful thing, chemistry is. Find out what these intelligent mechanisms of nature are, that define presence of chemistry in daily life, read on. Water, which occupies 70% of the earths surface is made by two chemical elements, hydrogen and oxygen. Soap is an emulsifier which allows oil and water to mix and so the oily mixtures on body and clothes can be removed after application of soap and water. Chemistry in kids life can also include why vegetables are colored. Colored vegetables consist of chemical compounds called carotenoids which have an area known as the chromophore. It absorbs certain wavelengths of light and thus there are colored vegetables. Food is cooked because of the steam thats present either in the water added or that which is present inside the food items. Onions make you cry due to the presence of sulfur in the cells which break after the onions are cut. This sulfur gets mixed with moisture and thus irritates your eyes. You feel hungry because of the satiety center in your brain falls short of particular hormones to function and then sends the signal of hunger. You fall in love, get attracted and have a feeling of belonging because of certain monoamines present in your brain which get stimulated through nerve sensors. If you have wondered, why is the sky blue, it is due to a phenomenon called the Rayleigh scattering, which depends on scattering of light through particles which are much smaller than the wavelength. Hence when light passes through gases, there is scattering and the sky appears blue. Coffee keeps you awake because of the presence of a chemical called adenosine, in your brain. It binds to certain receptors and slows the nerve cell activity when sleep is signaled. Anaerobic fermentation is also a great concept which is present in the chemistry of everyday life. It is present in yogurt, breads, cakes and many other baking products. It is the multiplication of certain useful bacteria which increase the size of the food and make it more filling and soft. The food chain present in every ecosystem is also a major part of everyday life chemistry. Even though it has more biological background, it eventually works because of its chemistry. With these great examples, there is no other explanation of the existence of earth and its components other than chemistry. Thus, through so much to learn from, you can easily teach your children the importance of chemistry in our day-to-day life!

The Mathematical Abilities of Women Essay -- Math Mathmatics Women

The Mathematical Abilities of Women Tests have proved that women have the same mathematical abilities than men do. Since there is no difference in ability, you would think that the field is equally occupied by both genders. Many people have thought about a seemingly simply asked question and have failed to come up with a practical answer why it is so. The question, "How come you know more male mathematicians than female?" is one that I, previously uninformed on this subject plan to supply data that may help to lead to one clearly defined answer. One reason why women are out numbered is that the females were shunned from society throughout history. The men did not allow women to do certain things. For example, girls growing up weren’t allowed to obtain the same education as the boys because the girls were supposed to grow up to take care of the house. In most cases, the women were just taught the essentials for around the house work, cooking, sewing, and taking care of the children to name a few. Furthermore, some universities weren’t coed until the mid to late 19th century. The university of Virginia, which was established back in 1819, did not allow girls to attend college there until 1970. This example helps illustrate the point I am trying to make. Men have had all of the opportunities to do well in their chosen fields. They have been receiving all of the proper schooling that helps them move on to be the best they can be. If a woman had the potential to be the best mathematician ever, she would not have bee n able to accomplish that. Some studies have shown very conclusive evidence to why women are not in the field of mathematics. One researcher blamed the teachers during K-12. People have said that the girls weren’... ... conclusion, there is no exact answer that remains from all of the studies. The fact that women are outnumbered in the field just may be because that is how it always was. Although it is changing, it is a slow process that hopefully will taper off. We do not know exactly why, but suppose the evidence is yet to be unmeasured? It could be out there but yet to be analyzed. Or could it be that this whole topic has been blown out of proportion? A big question still remains whether the practical discrepancies in the fields are important and whether it is a problem that needs to be fixed. Bibliography [1] Dalmedico, Amy D. Scientific American, "Sophie Germaine" Dec 1991, v265 n6 p116 (6) [2] Holden, Constance Science, "Female Anxiety on the Wane", May 8, 1987 v236 p660 (2) [3] Agnes Scott University, http://www.agnesscott.edu/ (Pictures and biographical data.)

What Should Coca Cola Have Done?

What should have occurred? What should occur in future situations? It would be a logical inference to suggest that Coca-Cola’s decision to change its formula and market â€Å"New Coke† to the American population was nothing short of a complete failure. â€Å"On 23 April 1985 New Coke was introduced and a few days later the production of original Coke was stopped. This joint decision has since been referred to as ‘the biggest marketing blunder of all time’† (Bhasin, 2010).But to completely dismiss the fact that Coca-Cola was losing market share to Pepsi-Cola, as well as other products that they themselves were producing (Diet Coke), would not fairly give justice to the decisions behind Coca-Cola’s marketing blunder. Coca-Cola was in a dilemma. They were going through an identity crisis, and that crisis seemed to lead them to make their one major costly decision. That crisis was quite simple. Coca-Cola had forgotten who they were and grasping fo r market share, instead of focusing on branding lead them in an ominous direction.In order to avoid an identity crisis, Coca-Cola should have understood that â€Å"a brand is far more than just a logo. Instead, it’s comprised of a complete set of attributes and tools, or â€Å"identity elements,† that give the brand a unique identity† (Forward). The simple fact is that all the time, money, and skill poured into consumer research on the new Coca-Cola could not measure or reveal the deep and abiding emotional attachment to the original Coca-Cola, felt by so many people. The passion for original Coca-Cola was something that caught executives at Coca-Cola by surprise.It was a mystery, an American enigma, and one cannot measure it any more than one can measure love, pride, or patriotism (Bhasin, 2010). Of all of the consumer research and data analyzing Coca-Cola and its executives claim to have performed, it’s a mystery that they forgot one simple rule; ask yo ur customers first! â€Å"Sam Craig, professor of marketing and international business at the Stern School of Business at New York University, pointed to what he and other industry observers have long considered a fatal mistake on Coca-Cola's part. â€Å"They didn't ask the critical question of Coke users: Do you want a new Coke?By failing to ask that critical question, they had to backpedal very quickly† (Ross, 2005). Coca-cola should have concentrated on the brands perception. â€Å"Marketing is a battle of perceptions, not products† (Bhasin, 2010). If Coca-Cola had concentrated on brand perception and less on trying to clone or compete with another company’s product, they would have never made the fatal mistake. What Coca-cola learned was to not be afraid to make a mistake. Yet, most importantly they learned to admit those mistakes and not be afraid to â€Å"make a u-turn†.Through the brand failure of New Coke loyalty to ‘the real thing’ intensified. Coca-Cola assimilated that â€Å"by going back on its decision to scrap original Coke, the company ended up creating an even stronger bond between the product and the consumer† (Bhasin, 2010). Consumers began realizing that coke was more than a drink. It was an experience – an enigma. The question then arises: Coca-Cola has recently decided, along with Pepsi-Cola, to change its recipe in order to avoid putting a cancer warning on their cans. Will Coca-Cola have learned anything from â€Å"the biggest marketing blunder of all time†?Bhasin, H. (2010, January 1). Coca Cola Brand Failure. Retrieved April 2012, 26, from Marketing91: http://www. marketing91. com/coca-cola-brand-failure/ Forward, J. (n. d. ). How to Build Your Brand and Avoid an Identity Crisis. Retrieved April 26, 2012, from Beneath The Brand: http://www. talentzoo. com/beneath-the-brand/blog_news. php? articleID=8478 Ross, M. E. (2005, April 22). It seemed like a good idea at the time . Retrieved April 26, 2012, from MSNBC: http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/7209828/ns/us_news/t/it-seemed-good-idea-time/#. T5mkCuweSSA

Negative Effects of Privatizing Social Security

Bush administration’s continuous emphasis on the issue of privatization of social security services has generated much hype in the recent years. Many a social security scholars and workers take into account its bad effects on the socio-cultural sector and economic domain of United States rather than eulogizing it. They put forward many negative effects of this privatization of social security. One of the prime negative effects is that a system that is carved out to offer benefits to employees and their kin upon retirement, disability, or bereavement is going to be treated like a commodity. It is a public service and is not a commercial service. From the very start of social security system in 1935, the program was based on the basis principle that magnitude of the remuneration package would depend on the income of employees over their professional time span. Contrary to this, Bush administration’s new privatized security system would take into account the   Ã‚  amount of funds that a worker would invest in his or her own personal account. Ultimately, this will lower the magnitude of benefit and there would be a great uncertainty on the part of the workers about their investments, margin over investments and remuneration. This would not only result into socio-economic maladies for their but psychological and mental health of the workers would be in danger too. Some scholars are of the view that â€Å"Rate of return† calculations, made by the proponents of privatized social security overlook the â€Å"value of Social Security's insurance protections†. So privatization of Social Security would divert the money that is currently used to finance existing insurance program into investment accounts (this proposed to be created for each worker). So from what sources this amount, that is being used to carry on current payments to recipients of a variety of Social Security insurance and other benefits, will be collected? It would generate a cause and effect phenomenon. For example Treasury of States have to borrow huge amounts from the private sectors and other financial institutes instantaneously in order to pay the insurance and other retirement benefits to the already retired and/or their families. This would cause negative impact on the national economy and federal deficit would go up. National saving would decline and it will effect the long-tern economic development. Another negative impact of the privatization of social security is that remuneration on the finances of workers through individual accounts would be totally dependent on the market trends. Furthermore scholars argue that individual investors are more prone to perform badly in the market than collective investments. In the above case brokerage houses, banks and mutual funds would be beneficial. Social Security programs does not take into account the gender differences and its patterns and procedures treat men and women on equal terms, But is a biological and cultural truth that women get the worst provided by the social security. So in this way, she will be the most hard-hit in the privatization process of social security. Caroll L. Estes as early as 2004 take into consideration the negative impact of privatization of Social security and says; Negative effects are particularly harsh for those older women who do not conform to the model of family status as married with male breadwinner and for those already disadvantaged by race, ethnicity, and class. (Estes, 2004) References Anrig Grig, Jr., ; Wasow, Bernard. Twelve Reasons Why Privatizing Social Security is a Bad Idea. The Century Foundation. 2004. Available online: http://www.socsec.org/publications.asp?pubid=503 Estes, Caroll L. Social Security privatization and older women: A feminist political economy perspective. Journal of Aging Studies. Vol.18. No. February 2004, Pages 9-26 Feldstein, Martin. Privatizing Social Security. Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 37, No. 2 (Jun., 1999), pp. 685-686 ; ; ;

Free Essays on Diversity of Detroit

In the diverse history of Detroit, many things stand out in the development of this great city. The French origin, the American Revolution, the civil rights movements, the riots in the 1960’s. But the most affluent event in Detroit history was the immigration and migration boom and the industrial explosion that followed. The Two groups we will be focusing on today will be the Eastern European Jewish and the African American communities. In an overview of the colossal rush of cultures that bombarded the metro Detroit area in the early 1900’s comparisons are based upon many different aspects of the populations. For instance, the Jewish populations that came to America in the early 1900’s were seen by some as brethren to be welcomed. But others saw them, such as the illustrious Henry ford as a menace society. While they were discriminated against by many on basis of nothing other than bigotry. The social capital they had to offer the majority was more than enough to buy their acceptance. While disapproved of and scoffed at, the skills and goods provided by Jewish Americans was enough to pacify the masses. Quite similar to the welcome that was given to the Jewish communities was the welcome sent to the Southern African American migrants looking for opportunity in the industrial city. The difference between the two is that the African American’s had nothing to offer that was good enough for the grade. African American’s came here with the same ideals goals and values as the Jewish immigrants. The difference was the nature of their trade. Forty years out of slavery, still shy of citizenship, African Americans lacked the trade skills and education that was possessed by other immigrant groups. This difference was the basis of the divide in social and economic expansion of these two groups. Eastern European Jews encountered problems with assimilation and losing their identity while being absorbed into the Ame... Free Essays on Diversity of Detroit Free Essays on Diversity of Detroit In the diverse history of Detroit, many things stand out in the development of this great city. The French origin, the American Revolution, the civil rights movements, the riots in the 1960’s. But the most affluent event in Detroit history was the immigration and migration boom and the industrial explosion that followed. The Two groups we will be focusing on today will be the Eastern European Jewish and the African American communities. In an overview of the colossal rush of cultures that bombarded the metro Detroit area in the early 1900’s comparisons are based upon many different aspects of the populations. For instance, the Jewish populations that came to America in the early 1900’s were seen by some as brethren to be welcomed. But others saw them, such as the illustrious Henry ford as a menace society. While they were discriminated against by many on basis of nothing other than bigotry. The social capital they had to offer the majority was more than enough to buy their acceptance. While disapproved of and scoffed at, the skills and goods provided by Jewish Americans was enough to pacify the masses. Quite similar to the welcome that was given to the Jewish communities was the welcome sent to the Southern African American migrants looking for opportunity in the industrial city. The difference between the two is that the African American’s had nothing to offer that was good enough for the grade. African American’s came here with the same ideals goals and values as the Jewish immigrants. The difference was the nature of their trade. Forty years out of slavery, still shy of citizenship, African Americans lacked the trade skills and education that was possessed by other immigrant groups. This difference was the basis of the divide in social and economic expansion of these two groups. Eastern European Jews encountered problems with assimilation and losing their identity while being absorbed into the Ame...

Graduate positions - Emphasis

Graduate positions Graduate positions For anyone graduating or with offspring who are graduating this year, you could be forgiven for thinking the future looks a little bleak. The average graduate salary is likely to stay frozen at 25,000 for the second year running, according to research by the Association of Graduate Recruiters. There are also fewer jobs to be had. And the best that can be said is that the number of vacancies hasnt fallen as sharply as predicted last year: the decrease was by just under nine per cent rather than the anticipated 25 per cent. But competition will be extra fierce this year, because the job-hunting class of 2010 will be joined by around 53 per cent of 2009 graduates, who are still vying for positions. Employers might welcome a bigger talent pool. But such a welcome is misplaced, at least according to one recruitment firm. This rise in the quantity of applications has not brought a rise in quality, says ClodaghBannigan, head of client services at Alexander Mann. So it seems that increasing the size of the talent pool has just diluted the talent. The advice is straightforward: the best approach is to carefully research roles and apply with thoughtful covering letters and tailored CVs. And, as ever, one of the first ways to guarantee your foot in the door (on the way to an interview) is to pay close attention to your writing. Remember the basics too. You might have an exceptionally well put-together CV, full of pertinent experience and encouraging insights into your person. But all that will mean nothing if your application is thrown out based on the typo in the first line. Literacy is a basic hard skill that prospective employers will look for evidence of in your resume. Typos, spelling mistakes and errors in punctuation and grammar can all indicate sloppy attention to detail and wont paint you as the kind of representative theyll want in their company. Until your interview, you are only as good as your paperwork (to quote the Recruitment Employment Confederation). But a great CV can get you a chance to prove you are the right person for the job. So make sure yours is: up to date well-structured and clearly laid out: it implies a logical and considered thought process full of objective, genuine evidence of your (relevant) experience and achievements written in simple language and short sentences: waffle will get you nowhere proofed, proofed and proofed again: check all grammar, punctuation and spelling, paying close attention to any contact details. Get someone else to check it too.

6 Things To Know About How To Buy a Telescope

6 Things To Know About How To Buy a Telescope Telescopes give skygazers a great way to see magnified views of objects in the sky. Buying that first (or second or fifth) telescope is an exciting moment, so its a great idea to be fully informed before heading out to the stores.  Theres a lot to learn and a telescope is a long-term investment, so its important to learn the terminology. In addition, its always good to know what types of objects are of interest. Some people mainly want to observe planets, while others are into deep sky objects. Those targets help determine which telescope to get. A telescope with eyepiece (lower end), finderscope,and a good mount are important for long-term enjoyment of stargazing.   Andy Crawford/Getty Images Power Is Overrated A good telescope is not JUST  about the â€Å"power†. If a telescope ad touts claims about 300X or other numbers about the â€Å"power† the scope has, watch out! High power sounds great, but, there’s a catch. High magnification makes an object appear larger, which is important. However, the light gathered by the scope is spread over a larger area which creates a fainter image in the eyepiece. So, its important to keep that in mind. Also, high-powered scopes have specific requirements for eyepieces, so its a good idea to check out what eyepieces work best with a given instrument. Sometimes, lower power provides a better viewing experience, particularly if observers are checking out objects that are spread out across the sky, such as clusters or nebulae.   Telescope Eyepieces: Power is Not the Only Object Any new telescope should have at least one eyepiece, and some sets come with two or three. An eyepiece is rated by millimeters (mm), with smaller numbers indicating higher magnification. A 25mm eyepiece is common and appropriate for most beginners. As mentioned above, a telescope’s power or magnification is not the best indicator of a good scope. As with the whole, so the parts. A higher power eyepiece does not necessarily mean better viewing. It may allow you to see details in a small cluster, for example, but if its used to look at a nebula, it will only show a part of the object. So, high- and low-power eyepieces each have their place in observing, depending on what interests the stargazer. Its also important to remember that while a higher magnification eyepiece may provide more details, it may be harder to keep an object in view. To get the steadiest seeing in such cases, its important to use a motorized mount. Remember: a lower-power eyepiece makes it easier to find objects and keep them in view. Lower magnification eyepieces require less light, so viewing dimmer objects is easier. Refractor or Reflector Telescope:  Whats the Difference? The two most common types of telescopes available to amateurs are refractors and reflectors. A refractor uses two lenses. The larger of the two is at one end; its called the objective. On the other end is the lens the observer looks through, called the ocular or the eyepiece. A reflector gathers light at the bottom of the telescope using a concave mirror, called the primary. There are many ways the primary can focus the light, and how it is done determines the type of reflecting scope. Telescope Aperture Size Determines the View The aperture of a scope refers to the diameter of either the objective lens of a refractor or objective mirror of a reflector. The aperture size is the true key to the power of a telescope. Its ability to gather light is directly proportional to the size of its aperture and the more light a scope can gather, the better the image an observer will see. At this point, many beginners just think: I’ll just buy the biggest telescope I can afford. Unless they can afford to invest in their own observatory as well, they should probably not go too big when it comes to an instrument. A small scope that can be transported easily will probably get used a lot more than a larger one that takes some effort to haul around. Typically, 2.4-inch (60-mm) and 3.1-inch (80-mm) refractors and 4.5-inch (114-mm) and 6-inch (152-mm) reflectors are popular for most amateurs. Telescope Focal Ratio. The focal ratio of a telescope is calculated by dividing aperture size into its focal length. The focal length is measured from the main lens (or mirror) to where the light converges to focus. As an example, a scope with an aperture of 4.5 inches and focal length of 45 inches, will have a focal ratio of f/10. While a higher focal ratio does not always mean a higher quality image, it often means as good an image for similar cost. However, a higher focal ratio with the same size aperture means a longer scope, which can translate into a telescope someone has to wrestle with a bit more to get into a vehicle for transport to a viewing area.   Get a Good Telescope Mount is worth the money.   The mount for a scope is just as important as the tube and optics. Most people don’t think of that when they decide to buy a scope unless theyve done their homework. The mount is a stand that holds the telescope steady. It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to view a distant object if the scope is not very steady and wobbles at the slightest touch (or worse, in the wind!). So, its important to invest in a good, solid telescope mount.   There are basically two types of mounts, altazimuth and equatorial. Altazimuth is similar to a camera tripod. It allows the telescope to move up and down (altitude) and back and forth (azimuth). The equatorial is designed to follow the movement of objects in the sky. Higher end equatorials come with a motor drive to follow the rotation of the Earth, keeping an object in the field of view longer. Many equatorial mounts come with small computers, which aim the scope automatically. Caveat Emptor, Even for a telescope. Yes, let the buyer beware. This is as true today as it ever has been in the past. It also applies to the purchase of a telescope. Just as with any other product, it is almost always true that you get what you pay for. A cheap department-store scope will almost certainly be a waste of money.   The truth is that most people do not need an expensive scope, and its better to buy the best one for the budget. However, its also important to avoid getting suckered in by cheap deals at stores that dont specialize in scopes.   Being a knowledgeable consumer is key. Read everything about scopes, both in telescope books and in articles online about what is really needed for stargazing. Go to astronomy club meetings and do a little parasitic viewing (of course, always ask permission), and ask for advice about telescopes. Most members love to give advice, and theres no better way to experiment with different models of instruments. Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

People at work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

People at work - Essay Example ACAS also helps the employees to resolve their workplace conflicts and offers them various services like mediation, conciliation and arbitration with their employers so that the employee gets the best services. There are mainly two areas where Andy requires advice: grievance related to work exploitation and insult; and threat of dismissal. Andy has genuine case of grievances. When ‘Whinnberry Clothing’ introduced new area of services and made Andy the sole person to manage the new line clothing which could be hired for special occasion, his service contract was not revised and he performed the new set of services without any helpers, while still continuing with the his previous duties. Apart from not having getting extra remunerations for the extra work, he was made to handle the huge and heavy packages single handedly at the great risk of his physical wellbeing and health safety which had indeed resulted in severe health problems which were deliberately not acknowledged by his manager. Another major reason was that he was also publicly humiliated by his manager when he refused to lift the heavy packages. The threat of unfair dismissal was another major area where Andy needed imminent advice and support from ACAS. Andy was earlier praised for making the new venture the successful and profit making but was not shown any consideration when he started having serious health problems due to hazardous nature of the work. Instead he was publicly humiliated and issued dismissal threat. The first step of grievance procedure that Andy must follow is to give a letter to his employers which would give a ‘stage 1 of statement of grievance(s)’ (emplaw.co.uk). This step is mandatory before the case can be put to employment tribunal. The step is designed to promote amicable settlement of grievances and dispute resolution with ‘out of court’ settlement, if any, between

Research Brief for HR Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Brief for HR Development - Essay Example Training employees on team building will improve their skills, knowledge and attitudes in the workplace especially for a certain task. It will also make the employees open to each other thus increasing the confidence at work place. â€Å"The make versus Buy† decisions are the best available resources that HRD will use in the program. These includes resources that will be use to assist with conducting needs assessment, guiding the employees in implementing the program, provision of supplemental training materials and selecting a trainer who will train the employees (Lee & Bruvold, 2003). Therefore, in the selection of a trainer it is important for HRD to outsource because most of the time the organizations do not have the expertise of designing the programs in-house. The trainer may be outsourced from a consulting firm and selecting in terms of credentials, experience, cost, and philosophy. Objectives must be set in order to show the performance in which the HRD wants its employees to achieve and exhibit before they consider them as competent. The trainer should have knowledge and varied skills that are designed and implemented in the program. When the trainer prepares an advanced level of expertise, the train will be an effective one. It is good to use different training methods and techniques. The trainer translates the objectives of the program in an executable training session and a training guide in order for the team-building program to success (Lee & Bruvold, 2003). In summary, activities that are involved in the implementation processes of an HRD program such as team building include assessing the needs of employees and areas that need development to better serve the needs. The second phase is that HRD is to design the intended benefits of the program, which include performance improvement and behaviour change of the employees (Vinaya, Mahatab & Kumar, 2013). The final activity is to

Dynamics of multinational companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dynamics of multinational companies - Essay Example However, it should be noted that the benefits that come about as a result of FDI can only be possible if all the three parties follow the right regulations, and the ethical ways of doing business is strictly adhered to. This paper sheds some light on the costs, and benefits of FDIs to the investors, the home country, and the host country. In addition, it will also review how the country, and the firms’ level of development, and growth play a role in determining the costs, and benefits accrued from the FDIs (Weigel, Wagal & Gregory 1997, 56). Benefits and costs for The host country One of the core benefits of global foreign direct investment is that it creates an opportunity for money to freely flow to any business around the world that shows any signs of potential growth in the future. This is in light of the fact that when investors choose to invest their money, the main logic behind this is that they expect some forms of return from the investment. Additionally, the home cou ntry’s capital account will benefit from the inward flow from the returns on the investment. There are no standard criteria on who deserves the investment, and who doesn’t. This ensures that all the businesses get equal competitive advantage, and no particular business is favored over the others. Subsequently, economists observed that the best money will be invested in the best business anywhere in the world despite the race or color or culture. This in turn means that the goods, and services will reach the market just in time as compared to an instance when unrestricted FDI wouldn’t have been available. Benefits and costs for home country The foreign direct investment has an advantage to the investors too. The investors get to receive global benefits. The fact that the investors can freely invest in different countries reduces the risks likely to be suffered from the investment. Diversification brings about reduction in the risks likely to be incurred, and an i ncrease in the returns that will be enjoyed from the investment (Stephan 2013, 43). Secondly, the other benefit to the home country that comes with FDIs is that the investors can learn new valued skills that may come in handy from the foreign markets. Thereupon, these skills are then transferred to the home country leader to even further growth, and development for the country’s economy. Moreover, the businesses also get to benefit in that when an investor chooses to invest in a particular business, it is often expected that the investor will ensure that the staff is competent enough to give the investment a return. Additionally, the investors will introduce new technology to the business to ensure that it has a competitive edge over its competitors.(Chung 1997, 40) The business will get to be enlightened on ways of doing business they would likely not have been aware of before the investors come into the picture (Jones & Wren 2007,54). As a result, there will be improved gen eral living standards of the employees of the business with all these new incorporation. To add to this, since there are no kinds of favoritism in choosing which business to invest in, it would be expected that the government will have less influence on the business, and that the government isn’t able to put up poor economic policies that will affect the business. The other advantage for the host country is that there is a general improvement on the standards of living for the people in the country.

Benefits of online classes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Benefits of online classes - Essay Example Therefore, working professionals or recent high school graduates see many reasons to enrol for some or all of their courses online since the benefits are numerous. Online learning offers diverse programs that allow the learners various opportunities. Students have the option of taking the traditional four year degree courses or any other ones. Regardless of the course a student wishes to enrol for, whether nursing or business management, there is an online course or a degree program that they can find. All kinds of academic degrees can also be earned online, form a certificate all the way to a doctorate. The online classes are also comparatively low-priced than the conventional college classes. Nevertheless, not all the online classes are cheaper than the traditional college classes, the costs that are associated with these classes and usually far much cheaper. For instance, there are no costs incurred for commuting and in some cases there are required course materials like books since these are available free online. Colleges and institutes of higher education have started accepting credits that have been earned through massive open online co urses that are free which is the recent advance in online learning. Online classes that are offered in this courses can assist students achieve education requirements at minimal costs. The online classes also offer a comfortable learning environment for the students who enrol for them since physical class sessions do not exist. Materials that are used by the students in the course are sent electronically, after which they read them and work on their assignments. The students do not have to deal with traffic, look for parking spaces or leave their places of employment early to rush to class. The online classes allow students a chance to plan time for classes around their day instead of having to plan the day

It is the following question of my last order Essay

It is the following question of my last order - Essay Example I can tell this was the best decision we could made in that situation because we had no choice. Moreover, the decision to quickly replace the interviewee confirmed how pragmatic the group was in using contingency decision making approaches. As part of this contingency plan, we did not give up the essential clips we planned to obtain as we found someone to help. Furthermore, for mine, the problem I faced was with the selection during editing. As I have mentioned before, our group took a lot of materials and the interview session was longer than we aimed for. So I needed to re-order the flow and cut out almost half of our interview clips. Honestly, it is a tough work for me since our director could not make a firm decision on which questions should be taken out when I was cooperating with her during the editing. To solve this problem, I decided to use an open-ended decision making approach where I did a short questionnaire to our module classmates to see what kind of things they were most interested in about a chef. After received their opinions, I had a brief concept for the film concerning what should be included and what should be ignored. I used that method to select the materials because I think a good documentary should be audiences based so as to attract audience. I cannot say our documentary was subjective or objective. Because half of our documentary was talking about the characteristics of Chinese cuisine and the rest are mainly on the chef’s experiences and his personal feeling. The first aspect was therefore objective whiles the second aspect was subjective. We used a mild and natural way to present the documentary. The focus on Chinese chef may be quite stereotypical of the documentary as we already assumed he might encounter more problems in cooking than other chefs (local or European chefs). The reason we had this thought was because of the geographical issue and the language

Family Violence across the Lifespan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Family Violence across the Lifespan - Essay Example My reading of this chapter has benefited me a lot. I have learned that ethnic minorities should be treated with care to avoid oppressing them. Professionally, this knowledge will help me interact well with such people. Such activities will promote the ethnic diversity in various communities. In the same token, the knowledge will assist in providing professional support to women who go through battering in their homes. Most importantly, I will comfortably offer assistance to my battered sister who is suffering in her marriage in a foreign country. The discussion on domestic violence is grave to the world as it will provide guidelines for the formulation of appropriate legislations to protect women from issues of forced early marriages, rape, and domestic violence among other atrocities women are subjected to by males in the communities. The chapter depicts that family violence affects all professions across the board. It will also serve to enlighten both men and women of the c role women play in our societies. Lawmakers will apply this research to enhance the place of a girl child in the society as well as defend the rights of the homosexuals to salvage them from the aggression of the majority who demean them because of their sexual orientations. In the recent past, homosexuality and equality have elicited heated debates, activists calling for better treatment of such minorities in the communities. Additionally, the knowledge will help societies overcome the extremism we are experiencing today and the massive influx of homos exuals in the communities.

It is the following question of my last order Essay

It is the following question of my last order - Essay Example I can tell this was the best decision we could made in that situation because we had no choice. Moreover, the decision to quickly replace the interviewee confirmed how pragmatic the group was in using contingency decision making approaches. As part of this contingency plan, we did not give up the essential clips we planned to obtain as we found someone to help. Furthermore, for mine, the problem I faced was with the selection during editing. As I have mentioned before, our group took a lot of materials and the interview session was longer than we aimed for. So I needed to re-order the flow and cut out almost half of our interview clips. Honestly, it is a tough work for me since our director could not make a firm decision on which questions should be taken out when I was cooperating with her during the editing. To solve this problem, I decided to use an open-ended decision making approach where I did a short questionnaire to our module classmates to see what kind of things they were most interested in about a chef. After received their opinions, I had a brief concept for the film concerning what should be included and what should be ignored. I used that method to select the materials because I think a good documentary should be audiences based so as to attract audience. I cannot say our documentary was subjective or objective. Because half of our documentary was talking about the characteristics of Chinese cuisine and the rest are mainly on the chef’s experiences and his personal feeling. The first aspect was therefore objective whiles the second aspect was subjective. We used a mild and natural way to present the documentary. The focus on Chinese chef may be quite stereotypical of the documentary as we already assumed he might encounter more problems in cooking than other chefs (local or European chefs). The reason we had this thought was because of the geographical issue and the language

Ronald Reagan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ronald Reagan - Essay Example Edmund ‘Pat’ Brown has been known as the â€Å"Republican Giant Killer† after defeating no less than a future president in the person of Richard Nixon. The latter being a highly favored GOP member. The popularity of Nixon as a Republican frontrunner proved no moment when Brown was able to defeat him. He then served as California governor for two consecutive terms when he faced an opponent whom he gravely underestimated, an actor running for the first time for public office in the name of Ronald Reagan. Brown and Reagan have more things in contrast than being from two rival parties. Brown represented the proud Democrat who sees student activism as a healthy exercise of civic participation while Reagan outwardly denounces it and speaks that they should not belong in universities if all they would cause is unrest. The student protests were heavily denounced by Reagan who was heard by conservatives sharing the exact same sentiments. Taxes in the state were excruciatingly high and unrest was evident. Dunnell provides a sensible explanation, â€Å"The postwar baby boomers were of age to vote, and the middle of the road voters in both parties were fed up with the bureaucrats protecting their jobs with expensive programs† (391). The people of California at that pivotal moment were looking for a change in administration and Reagan was able to offer exactly that. Brown had not anticipated the ability of Reagan to deliver good, if not great, speeches at times when it was what was called for. People had become disappointed with liberalism that Reagan’s outwardly conservative stance impressed itself as a better alternative. The failure of expensive social programs has taken its toll on taxpayers and the liberal take on communism as a foreign policy created in the gubernatorial race a chance to reconsider existing state policies by the incumbent

Soap Operas and the politics of everyday lives Essay Example for Free

Soap Operas and the politics of everyday lives Essay Language is use for communication and to convey our ideas. It can also be used as a social marker. It creates meanings and it is also considered as a source of power (Larson, :180). Power relations are also embedded in the langauge of soap operas. Soap operas are said to be reflections of reality, it mirrors the class struggle between the rich and the poor. It demonstrates how those who are in power easily manipulate the poor but later in the story the poor will be vindicated. This is the semantic dimension of language; solidarity and power assymetry of superior over inferior. Identification with both the hero and the heroine does not entail a cognitive choice, but draws upon a repertoire of unconscious process. Both is not a random object, but rather a particular commoditized human, routed through a system of signs with exchange value (Friedberg, 1990:109). To look at an object may mean various things in the subconscious mind, one is to grow like it by forcibly trying to imitate it. Working-class members are more inclined to identify with dramatic character, whereas people with higher cultural capital, including aesthetics, are more inclined to maintain a critical distance to the narrative. The ideological problematic of soap opera – the frame or field in which meanings are made, in which significance is constructed narratively – is that of ‘personal life’. More particular, personal life in its everyday realization through personal relationships. This can be understood to be constituted primarily through the representations of romances, families and attendant rituals – birth, engagements, marriages, divorce, and deaths. In Marxist terms this is the sphere of the individual outside waged labor. In feminist terms it is the sphere of women’s ‘intimate oppression’ (Brunsdon, 1997:58). The spectator is a person who experiences little, who feels that he [sic] is a â€Å"poor wretch to whom nothing of importance can happen,† who has long been obliged to damp down, or rather displace, his ambition to stand in his own at the hub of world affairs; he longs to feel and to act and to arrange things according to his desires†¦ And the playwright and the actor enable him to do this by allowing him to identify himself with a hero†¦ His enjoyment is based on an illusion. (Freud, 1990:89). By identifying with the person onscreen, the person is displacing oneself, which Freud suggests as â€Å"blowing off steam†. Identification with the actor serves the audience to make this an outlet for unfulfilled desires, by identifying with the performer, one would create a venue where the actor serves as a tool for the satisfaction of the viewer. The viewer puts himself in the actor’s place and relates with all the ups and downs that the actor experiences in his life. The actor’s success is also the fan’s success. Soap operas are usually criticized by the stereotypical and unrealistic manner in which they portray women, which confirms them more in their subordination in the society. According to Brunsdon, there was a feminist rejection of soaps which is in effect homologous with the traditional cultural contempt for soaps. This was followed by a certain reevaluation which coincides across the women’s movement of conventionally feminine skills such as embroidery and the admission of enjoyment in some of the pleasures of traditional femininity, like dressing up. ‘Heroine television’ is centrally about female characters living their lives, usually working both inside and outside the home, usually not in permanent relationships with men, sometimes with children, and trying to cope. Soap opera is not quite ‘heroine television’ but it was mainly attractive to feminists as an object of analysis because it was perceived to be both for and about women. The ‘personal is political’ is the most resonant and evocative claim of the 1970s western feminism. If the personal is political, if it is in the home, in relationships, in families, that women’s intimate oppression – or the oppression of women as women – is most consensually secured, then the media construction and representation of personal life becomes fascinating and an urgent object of study. If the traditional leftist critique of the media, with its structuring sense of class conflict, was drawn to the reporting of the public world – to industrial disputes, to the interactions of state and broadcasting institutions, to international patterns of ownership and control – emerging feminism scholarship had quite another focus. The theoretical impulse of feminism pushed scholars not to the exceptional but to the everyday. So the theoretical conviction that there was politics to everyday life and that women’s hidden labor in the home was essential to capitalism coincides with the actual generic distribution of women on television (Brunsdon, 1997:57). Television is very important in the struggle for meaning and representation, especially in the construction of daily life common sense. Television can fortify the existing cultural domination by presenting inequality as normal or contribute, in special cases, to subversion by providing discourses which present it as oppressive and illegitimate, or offering possibilities for alternative reading (Vink, 1988:124). In most soap operas, women are seen as commodities that are subordinate to men, yet women can kill in order to get the man she loves. The poor are manipulated to the rich man’s desires and are helpless to fight back. Women are subjected to physical violence or symbolic oppression. Thus, resonates male dominance in the society. Women as inferior entity while men are the superior ones (Larson, :185). In these lopsided relations, the poor are powerless against the people in power. This powerlessness further widens the gap between the rich and the poor. The use of language of a particular group can de attributed to their class position in the society. Social class can be a combinationof wealth, power and prestige. Likewise, it is also attached to individuals or group of individuals relationship to economic production. A persons class position is determined by their economic power (Labov, 1997:45). Because soap operas are viewed on primetime, which means that the whole family is able to watch since the children are back from school and the husband is back from work, soap operas have a bigger audience. They see on television acts rendered on the poor and females thus making the viewers docile and passive. Consequently, they refrain from doing things that are not supposed to be done by their class which is to assert their rights. Soap operas also justify violence and show that it is just part of normal occurrence. Thus it is accepted that women, poor and orphaned children may be maltreated, exploited or beaten up; men can beat up their wives and use alcohol as an excuse; and the privileged status of spoiled brats in convent uniforms give them a right to abuse household help. The treatment an authority imposes on everyday life seems to be so strong that people project it onto the speech of the characters and refer to them while placing themselves in a subordinate position in this fictive relationship (Fachel, 1985:216). Television, as a dominant cultural industry, plays a central role in imposing a view of this type of social world. The understanding of the power relations in society and of the categories necessary for them is the basis of political struggle which the powerful appropriate to themselves. Another effect of the television is that people can relate more to the celebrities than to their neighbors. Example of this is the death of Rico Yan which was given too much hype by the media. Most poor went out of their way to view his body as it lay in state. His death even surpassed that of National Artists who died almost the same week as the young actor. The people’s sympathy is even stronger for someone who they do not have ties with than with people form their own packages. Because a celebrity’s life is an open book, they know more about that person than their next-door-neighbors. In the Philippines, a person, an actor, can be voted in the highest position in the land. Because of extensive media mileage a person can get elected. An important factor is identification with the personality. In urban poor areas, people usually identify with someone they see on television as â€Å"one of them†. If the actor portrays roles as the hero of the masses, then this will be what people will remember off screen. They are voted because the people think that since they have already portrayed the role therefore they are presumed to have the background and experience regarding governance. Watching soap operas during prime time also contributes to the disintegration of families. These hours are the only time that members of the family are present in the households and should be the venue for family gathering during dinner. This should serve as the time to talk about what happen during the day, instead the members of the family are in front of the television watching soap operas. Instead of eating in the dining table, some members of the family eat in front of the television so that they would not miss a scene in the soap opera. The only time where they could talk and bond as a family is robbed by the viewing of telenovelas. Though soap operas can also contribute to the topics that are discussed, the things that happened in the soaps would be discussed to friends during the afternoons and not with the family members. After watching soap operas during prime time, it would be late in the evening that there is no more time to interact with one another. People can relate to the events in soap operas because somehow it is also what they are experiencing in their daily lives thus art reflects life. By watching telenovelas, they can pick up something that can somehow relieve the burden of their problems. But whether this can solve their problems is another story. Passivity and acceptance of their lot is the order of the day. It is precisely this confrontation between fiction and reality which can have a subversive effect: showing the viewer that reality can be different, that class and/or gender oppression are not natural but changeable. It is not only identification with telenovelas heroes or heroines, but also with the villains that can open the eyes of the viewers to the fact that life can be different. This can produce a suspension of the immediate attachment to the existing social world and is, as such, a first step in the process of emancipation, a precondition of collective action, based on a common identity (Vink, 1988:169). Soap opera viewers should be able to distinguish between reel and reality. Even if there are some celebrities with good credentials who can be elected for a public position, being an actor and the role that one portrays should not be the only factor why they are voted. Instead of portraying reality, media in this case shapes the perspective and view of people according what they media want to represent. Watching soap operas should also be limited because they create stereotypes and limit critical thinking among its viewers. Also, family disintegration would continue if members of the family would continue to ignore each other by watching television. The family is still the most important unit in a society. Instead of just identifying themselves with the actors and actresses in soap operas, the viewers should know that they can do better than just identify themselves with them. As individuals they also have the capacity to succeed on their own without just being satisfied by what their idol accomplishes because they can also do the same.

Essay --

â€Å"Love VS Power: The Wife of Bath and Miller’s Comparison† In the Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, Chaucer illustrates the different perspective between men and women on the concept of marriage and love. In The Wife of Bath’s tale, it is shown the woman appreciating marriage and wanting to be able to love a man unconditionally as where in The Miller’s Tale, love isn’t anything, but sex with the man in the story. In accordance with Chaucer, the complication with marriage is that men are consumed by sexual desire and are easily abused by women like The Wife of Bath. As noticed, The Miller’s Tale is all about adultery. â€Å"Just like men, the wives have secrets, as does God†, says the Miller. Both have information that the other do not know about that are sacred and better left unsaid. The idea of supremacy and dignity are both present in The Wife of Bath’s Tale making it the central concept throughout the entirety of her story. It is assumed that her primary marriage was organized by her parents, even though The Wife of Bath does not mention them in her prologue, â€Å"experience, though no authority/ were in this world, is right enough for me/to speak of the woe that is in marriage; /for, my lords, since I was twelve years of age.† (Chaucer 285). In that time period, it is considered that the men, such as a father, husband or even a brother are supposed to protect the women in the family. Even though The Wife of Bath does not believe in being ruled by a man, she does however like to be married to one. One will notice that when a husband passed away or left, The Wife will move to her next husband. A marriage where the wife conquers over the husband is a perfect, blissful one according to The Wife of Bath. She discovers that it’s not too... ... The Miller portrays Alison as a "wild and young" (205) woman throughout the entire tale, making it clear that she does not respect the relationship with her husband at all. It can also suggest that she is not an angel or the â€Å"good wife† that she likes to pretend to be. It is obvious that Alison likes to use her beauty and body in ways to make it easier to obtain the things that she desire just like The Wife of Bath indirectly hints in her tale. Though Chaucer showed multiple tales of various characters in The Canterbury Tales, the Miller’s and Wife of Bath’s tale surpassed them all on their concept of marriage and love. Both allow the reader to understand where they are coming from and their perception. While one does not seem to believe too much in love, the other does. However, both clearly believe that women control the game of love in their own respective ways.

Endgame by Samuel Beckett :: essays research papers

As stated by Cohn in her article " 'Endgame': The Gospel According to Sad Sam Beckett" there is much evidence given relating to the many comparable instances between the Bible and Beckett's â€Å"Endgame.† With this interpretation as well as the discussion about the significance of the title, and the constant reference to the end of the world, it is nearly impossible to see Beckett's â€Å"Endgame† as anything other than a post-apocalyptic tale. I found particularly interesting Cohn's relation to Beckett's Hamm and the Bible's Ham. Ham being the son of Noah, as Cohn states, he is responsible for the survival of life. In the Bible, Ham obeys the wishes of his father, and thus God, and devoted his life to the expansion of humanity and the earth's mere existence. As the Noah story tells, God, unhappy with the world, creates a mass flood that kills the entire world's population, barring a male and a female of every species. This boatload of beings was to start th e world anew, to try and make it a better place. If Hamm is supposed to be a comparison to the Biblical Ham, could it not also be considered the Biblical Ham if things had gone wrong? Hamm, throughout the story welcomes the apocalypse, curses God and is contemptuous to his own existence. If the Biblical Ham had been his contemptuous person, could God not have sent yet another apocalypse to yet again end the world and try again? Is Beckett trying to say that it took more than one try for God himself to get it right? I find this a much clearer reading then one of each character being part of the brain. The text supports this in many ways, most already supported by Cohn. Her evidence, however, lead me to this conclusion. Her description of the resurrections also works with this theory. The world had many resurrections, all in the pursuit of a better place. Basically I find this play an instance of "What if?" What if Ham (Biblical) had screwed up? What if God’s great plan of the flood did not work? I also find Beckett's description of the small boy, the glimmer of hope, to be an image of a savior, possibly Jesus. This savior is another attempt by God to make a perfect world. In relating this theory to that of the term "endgame" one can also determine that possible life, humanity is in a constant game with God, or some higher being.

Challenges for Women in India Essay

In this article, I try to expose the discriminations against Indian women, beginning with the origin of such discrimination in India. Then I discuss the reform movement against these acts of discrimination before describing the current prevalence of discrimination in that country. In India, Women play a very important role in society. Women in India get a prominent role in all walks of life. Now women are shining in every field and are doing as well as men. For example: Mizoram has a higher proportion of women in its population than men. However most of the states in India have fewer women than men in their population. New colleges for women are being opened India all the time. Even male colleges are changing to co-educational faculties. Women are working on night shifts in their employment, just as men do. That is one side of the story. On the other hand, you should look at the other side of these optimistic statements. Mizoram did not have a woman MLA until 2003, and there were just four women candidates in the last electoral ballot. St Joseph’s College in Bangalore is being accused of a gender bias in its admission policy after the college raised the cut-off percentage marks for girls to qualify for a course. The Government introduced an AIDS-awareness campaign for the telemarketing and call center industry. Since these workers are working at night they are easily discriminated against by men. While women are guaranteed equality under the constitution, legal protection has little effect in this society. Legal loopholes are used to discriminate against women in India. Now let me explain when such discrimination against women began in India. Firstly, let us examine the status of women in ancient and medieval India. Status of Women in Ancient India: In this period, women also had equal status to men. Women were educated just as men were. Hindu religious books like the Vedas, Upanishads, Ramayana, and Mahabharata mention the names of many women who were great scholars, poets  and philosophers of the time. Here I would like to mention some of the women achievers in ancient India.  · Leelavati, who, in 6,000 BC, established mathematical lore in India, leading eventually to formulation of the decimal system in later centuries.  · Dhanawantri, who along with her husband Sage Dhanawantar, was the foremost physician in 5,000 BC, and established a comprehensive system of medicine and surgery.  · Devi Leilama, who was the first to establish Guilds in India, and was the Chief of the Clan in 5,333 BC  · Mailalladevi, a senior queen of Someshwara-I ruled the important province of Banavasi comprising 12,000 villages.  · Jakkiabbe ably administered seventy villages after the premature death of her husband.  · Piriyaketaladevi, a queen of Chalukya Vikramaditya VI, ruled three villages. Such examples go some way to demonstrate the high status and image of women in ancient India. If there was discrimination in these periods, it was perhaps against men; for instance, men were to retire as hermits at the age of 60, while a woman was free from such disability. Most of the discrimination against women came during the grim centuries of the Muslim rule. During the Muslim period of history, women were deprived of their rights of equality with men. They were compelled to keep themselves within the four walls of their houses with a long veil on their faces. Even today in some Islamic countries women are not allowed to go out freely, whilst in India the Muslim women are far more backward than their Hindu, Christian and Sikh counterparts. Now let me mention how the discriminations such as child marriage, Sati and Dowry were started in India. [BB] FEATURED ARTICLE: Shaken, not Stirred Sati : This is the practice of widows killing themselves by jumping into the funeral pyre of their dead husbands. There is not even one scriptural statement in thousands of Hindu scriptures concerning Sati. On the contrary, according to the funeral hymns in RIGVEDA, there is a ceremony of a widow sleeping next to the corpse of the dead husband and then being allowed to marry anyone she pleases. Sati has its roots in Greece. The practice of Sati came to India through the tribe known as KUSHANS in 1 A.D. RAJPUTS, who were a warrior tribe descending from KUSHANS, and who were very fanatical Hindus with an extremely monogamous culture were among the first to practise Sati. Dowry: Dowry refers to a marriage practice in Hindu society where gifts of cash or other valuable items are exchanged between the families of the bride and groom. Although its ancient meaning was to show respect, dowry has taken on a harmful form and meaning in recent times. Rape : In Ancient India, women were treated well. There were no incidents of rape in ancient India. It all came after the influence of Muslims. Here I want to mention a famous war, which was known as the â€Å"Third Battle of Panipat†, in which historical accounts estimate that more than 10,000 women were raped. Many were alleged to have committed suicide because of constant rapes perpetrated on them, whilst all of them were exchanged or sold as sex slaves to Afghanistan. Likewise, every discrimination against women has its own story. Status of women at the time of Independence Discriminatory practices started in medieval times continued during this time. The reason why I have chosen this independence period is that it was only during this period that the status of women changed drastically because of Gandhi’s work. Reformers such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Jyotiba Phule and Savitri Bai Phule played a pivotal role in addressing the issues such as sati, child marriage, widow remarriage, and women education. However, it was only under the enlightened leadership of Mahatma Gandhi that women re-asserted their equality with men. In response to the call of Gandhi, women discarded their veil and came out of the four walls of their houses to fight the battle of freedom shoulder – to shoulder with their brothers. He called upon the young to marry the widows and also to boycott child marriages. In Gandhi’s salt march, hundreds of women joined and eventually the salt protest was made successful by the many women who not only made salt, but also sat openly in marketplaces selling, and indeed, buying it. Gandhi never had a specific program for women, but women had an integral role to play in all his programs. In 1920, the All India Women’s Conference was set up, which was involved in the struggle for independence and addressed issues of women education and the right to vote. In this time, many women’s groups were formed, and they took up issues ranging from rape and sexual assault, domestic violence, impact of health policies, hazardous contraceptive technologies, impact of structural adjustment policies, rise of right wing politics, sexuality and many other issues. One of the first issues to receive countrywide attention from women’s groups was violence against women, such as rape and dowry. Most protests were directed at the State. Because women were able to mobilise support, the State responded, seemingly positively, by changing the law on rape and dowry, making both more stringent. This seemed, at the time, like a great victory. These women’s groups fought for the creation of new women-sensitive laws or amendments to existing laws. Due to the pressure of such groups the following changes took place: In 1950, Women in India received the right to vote. India was one of the first countries in the world to give women the right to vote. In 1983 an amendment was made to laws pertaining to rape. Among the provisions was a minimum of seven years’ imprisonment for this crime. For Sati, in 1988 the Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act was passed. It clearly states that burning or burying alive of widows is revolting to the feelings of human nature and is not enjoined in the religion. For domestic violence, a legal provision was introduced under Section 498 of the criminal code. Under this provision violence inflicted on a woman by her husband or his family was declared a non-bailable, non-cognizable offence. The Dowry Prohibition Act was introduced in 1961 and was amended in the 1980’s partly in response to the demands of the women’s movement. One significant amendment stated that an official inquiry would be conducted if the wife died within seven years of marriage. If found guilty of dowry harassment the husband (and co-accused) faced seven years in jail as well as fines. Some of the other important decisions taken were those surrounding stree dhan (the gifts given to the bride by her parents, husband and in-laws). Similarly, many laws are being changed even now for the betterment of women.X-TREME: Do you know about escapology? [BB] Status of Women in 2005 At the time of Independence, only 2% of the women had any kind of education and women did not have an identity of their own. Women could not go out of the house unless accompanied by men and their face was covered with cloth. But today, women are getting education equal to men and are even working on night shifts. Indian women have their identity at the international level. I would like to mention some of the Indian women at the  international level. Sonia Gandhi – named the third most powerful woman in the world by Forbes magazine, next to Condoleezza Rice and Wu Yi. Arundhanti Roy – First Indian citizen to win the prestigious Booker prize. She was also one of People Magazine’s â€Å"50 Most Beautiful People in the World 1998†. Deb Agarwal, a top scientist at a national laboratory and Radha Ramaswami Basu, a high-tech entrepreneur, are the two Indian women among the top 25 women on Web award winners for this year. Aishwarya Rai – Miss world 1994. Kalpana Chawla – NASA Astronaut – Died on February 1, 2003 over the southern United States when Space Shuttle Columbia and her crew perished during entry, 16 minutes prior to scheduled landing. Now women are proving themselves in every field. However I could not say that discrimination has been eliminated completely from Indian society. Some types of discrimination have been reduced in recent times and have also taken other forms such as: Mistreatment : Women are mistreated at the workplace. They are facing work harassment. Under- Represented : They are under-represented in governance and decision-making positions. At present, women occupy fewer than 8% of Parliamentary seats, fewer than 6% of Cabinet positions, fewer than 4% of positions on the benches of the High Courts and Supreme Court. Fewer than 3% of administrators and managers are women. Molested : Police records show that a woman is molested in the country every 26 minutes. A rape occurs every 34 minutes. Every 42 minutes, an incident of  sexual harassment takes place. Every 43 minutes, a woman is kidnapped. Every 93 minutes, a woman is killed. The women’s groups in India today are vibrant, and are linked together through networks on different issues and campaigns. But they are moving without a good leadership like Gandhi’s. Moreover some groups are raising their own finances for their publicity and activities. Furthermore, violence against women has proved to be an effective weapon for the political parties to silence their adversaries. For an opposition party, it became a law and order issue which could be used to denigrate the ruling party. As I mentioned at the start of this article, legal loopholes are used to discriminate against women in India. Before closing this article, I wish to emphasise two things. Firstly, women’s groups should pressure the government to change the existing loopholes in laws. Secondly, such changes should be done by the lawmakers for their intrinsic benefit and not for any political purposes. Once the laws are changed, we will hopefully see some drastical changes.

Young children learn problem solving though playing

Peoples frequently think that drama is merely drama. Children merely drama and they will non larn anything when they play. The existent fact is that kids are larning when they are playing. Children merely know what drama is as this is a self-generated act. Children do non necessitate to learn how to play but they must be guided when they play in order to accomplish the acquisition nonsubjective. Most surveies have portrayed drama as an activity, which has a important positive impact on kids ‘s development such as ( Bruner 1990 ) . Garvey ( 1977 ) gave a utile description of drama for instructors when she described drama as unique to the kids and grownup should non transfuse their constructs into it and seek to direct the drama activity. Play should be child initiated with the facilitation from the grownup to widen and spread out. Play, both directed and adrift, is a critical in the development of larning for immature kids. Harmonizing to Bloom ( 1964 ) , play influences rational development ( Isenberg & A ; Jalongo 1997 ) . And drama helps kids to larn new constructs, to advance, promote kids ‘s problem-solving accomplishments in a natural, fun manner. Many early childhood pedagogues have recognised the fact that drama is the most effectual and powerful ways for immature kids to larn. Dewey ( 1916, 1938 ) believed that kids learn about themselves and their universe through drama ( citied in Joan P. Isenberg & A ; Mary Renck Jalongo, 1997 ) . With concrete stuffs, chances, meaningful first manus experiences would let kids to derive new understanding during drama. As drama is a cosmopolitan activity, kids know how to play and they do non necessitate to be taught. It is drama that influences kids ‘s acquisition and their development. Play aid kids to develop physically, cognitively, emotionally every bit good as societal accomplishments which they will necessitate in their later in life in order to populate independently. We all know that kids ‘s â€Å" occupation † is to play, as kids play, they learn about themselves and others around the universe, intensifying their apprehension and edifice on their familiar cogn ition. Both theory and research supports such a relationship ( Erikson, 1963 ; Fromberg, 1998, 2002 ; Frost et al. , 2001 ; Johnson et al. , 1999 ; Monighan-Nourot & A ; Van Hoorn, 1991 ; Piaget, 1962 ) . Isaacs ‘ ( 1933 ) claimed that, â€Å" Play is a kid ‘s life and the agencies by which he comes to understand the universe he lives in. † ( citied in Macintyre 2001, p. 3 ) .How does Play Impact Learning and Development in Young Children?Play contributes to school success in many ways ; research has showed that every competence of import to school success is enhanced by drama ( Isenberg & A ; Quisenberry, 2002 ; Singer, 2006 ) . In the research literature ( Singer et al. , 2006 ; Smilansky, 1990 ; Van Hoorn, Nourot, Scales & A ; Alward, 2007 ) , it has documented that there are connexions between the complexness of kids ‘s make-believe drama, early literacy, mathematical thought and job resolution. When kids are playing they have the chances to utilize their mental representations of the universe to associate to new objects, people and state of affairss which is the cardinal ability for the future academic acquisition. Physical, societal, emotional, rational, and linguistic communication development are all integrate in kids ‘s drama. Children have a natural motive to larn when they are engaged in the things they are interested ( Shonkoff & A ; Phillips, 2000 ) . Children will be able to develop constructs and skills together as they are integrated in the context of meaningful and playful experiences. For illustration, a four-year-old kid learns to compose the letters in her name, making so, she is besides larning the construct that each missive represents a sound, and she will be extremely motivated by the significance which is her ain name. Skills have limited value without constructs. Example, a kid who is able to number to five by rote, she will non hold the construct of five, unless she understands the measure represented ( 5 = five blocks ) . Children are more likely to retain the accomplishments and constructs they have learned in meaningful contexts. Concepts are developed through activities that occur of course during drama, such as numeration, screening, sequencing, foretelling, hypothesizing, and measuring. Learning through drama is an of import and natural procedure. Learning through drama introduces and Teachs new accomplishments with a happy, comfy and fun attack says Gale Kelleher, manager of Rainbow Nursery School in New York. Meghan McGinley Crowe, Executive Director of Literacy for Little Sprouts, explains that presenting new acquisition processes through playful activities in which kids are per se interested are of import. They keep kids ‘s attending and let them to easy perpetrate larning to long term memory. â€Å" Hands-on, playful larning experiences non merely construct involvement in the topic, but set off a kindergartners experiences in larning as positive, joy filled 1s which they will desire to go on for old ages to come † ( Crowe, 2009 ) . During playing, the kid will research their senses that help them in work outing jobs. For illustration, when a kid tries to suit a unit of ammunition block to the square hole but could n't suit it in. This will let the kid to believe and motivate the kid to happen another hole that can suit the unit of ammunition block. Once the kid found it, they will cognize that merely round hole can suit a unit of ammunition block. Not merely that, when playing, the kid can get all right and gross motor accomplishments. It will besides assist them concentrate, heighten their imaginativeness, and socialise with other kids.The Problem-solving ProcedureProblem resolution is to supply kids with a mechanism for doing good pick about how to react or move and respond in assorted state of affairss. When come to job resolution, it required clip, forbearance, energy and accomplishments. Once kids have get job work outing accomplishments, they become more confident and will be responsible in covering with day-to-day state of affairss. Harmonizing to Doescher ( 1995 ) and Loh ( 2002 ) the job work outing procedure aid kids to work out jobs and do better determination. They suggested parents, pedagogue and instructors to steer kids through the undermentioned stairss: Measure 1: To work out the job, foremost to allow kids cognize what a job is and how they can understand it. Adults may detect and garner information about the state of affairs in order to cognize their kids ‘s problem-solving abilities and to see whether kids are able to work out the job. Questions should be asked: â€Å" What is go oning? † and â€Å" What precisely do we necessitate to make? † Measure 2: Children need to place and specify the job or state of affairs in order to acquire good solution for the job. Once the job is clarified, promote kids to bring forth options, come out with possible solutions thoughts, inquiries and statements, illustration, â€Å" What can we make otherwise? † â€Å" Let ‘s see how many thoughts we can come up with? † and â€Å" Are at that place still more solutions we can believe of? † Measure 3: Discus with the kids the solutions to the job. Talk about the options suggestions and asked kids to notice on them. As this is a critical measure of learning job resolution, grownup can supply some simple solutions or different ways of work outing jobs. When kids reexamining the solutions to the job, they will be able to cognize and measure different solutions to different job. However, grownup must non make the kids ‘s work, allow the kids do it. From the kids ‘s suggestions and seeking their thoughts will be able to let kids to develop their concluding power apart from larning to work out the jobs? Measure 4: Aid kids to make up one's mind on a solution, let kids to test, adapt and research different solutions to the job. Childs have to take the solution which is agreeable to all. Therefore, it is besides appropriate to inquire proposal from each kid. â€Å" What do you believe of the suggestion? † â€Å" If we choose this thought, what do you believe will go on? † When seeking a solution, kids are taking charge of the job and kids need to expect the test solution may be feasible or non, and it can be changed if necessary. By researching and work outing job, it will assist kids to streamline their encephalon in a simple and wise mode. Measure 5: Aid kids to seek a different solution when needed. Sometimes kids need to discourse their job farther and this is the clip for grownup to measure the state of affairs and to come out with another solution. Adult can inquire inquiries ; explore solutions by inquiring thoughts from the kids. â€Å" How can you work out the job? † â€Å" What do you believe? † Children may do a batch of errors while larning to work out jobs and grownup should learn kids how to manage errors and most common bloopers. â€Å" Mistakes and bloopers are the foundation stones that will let kids work out jobs that they encounter in their life † ( Loh. 2002 ) . Therefore, grownup should promote kids to maintain seeking and finally they will be able to happen solution for the job. In Piaget ‘s theory, he has identified that kids move through four wide phases of development by which kids progress through them, each of which is characterized by a qualitatively distinguishable manner of thought. In detector motor phase, cognitive development begins with the babe ‘s usage of the senses and motions to research the universe. These action patterns evolve into the symbolic but unlogical thought of the kindergartners in the preoperational phase. Then knowledge is transformed into the more organized logical thinking of the school age kids in the concrete operational phase. Finally, in the formal operational phase, thought becomes the complex, abstract concluding system of the stripling and grownup. Harmonizing to Piaget, the development of the kids ‘s cognitive abilities will merely reflected in the growing of their powers of perceptual experience, linguistic communication, concluding and problem-solving abilities. If we observed closely at a really immature yearlings faces a job, they frequently merely shout ground being they do non cognize what else to make except shouting. By the age of two, kids will utilize memory as job work outing tool, kids will believe about the job, retrieve what he saw and so copy it. By three old ages old, kids will utilize their imaginativenesss when jobs arise, illustration if there is no helmet in the dramatic corner, the 3s will utilize a bowl and have on it inverted. The four old ages old are the adventuresome and they need some aid in concentrating the job. They are more patient and able to seek out different solutions by utilizing more vocabularies and besides ready to negociate with their equals ( Miller, 1996 ) . Children thrive on complex constructive undertakings that produce identifiable merchandises. Five and six twelvemonth olds peculiarly enjoy constructive drama with higher degrees of societal coaction.How does Play Enhance Cognitive Development?â₠¬Å" Children construct these exposures to new constructs through drama. Each playful experience builds the cognitive development of larning a new fact and perpetrating it to long term memory, † says Crowe ( 2009 ) . Cognitive development focuses on developing maps of the encephalon such as thought, acquisition, consciousness, judgement, and treating information. Harmonizing to developmental psychologist Jean Piaget, kids go through several phases of cognitive development and acquisition activities for yearlings and kids should match to the appropriate developmental ( Snuggs, 2008 ) . In footings of cognitive development, Piaget ‘s ( 1896-1980 ) believed that kids construct their ain apprehension through interacting with their environment and learned to accommodate to the universe. Adaptation which involves through the two procedures that normally happen at the same time, they are assimilation and adjustment. He defined assimilation which means the kid ‘s return in new things from the outside universe and tantrum into the already existing construction. The new rational stuffs which include thoughts, constructs, and points of position to suit into the bing constructions of our heads, in order for these new thoughts finally incorporated into our ain universe positions. Adjustment on the other manus, is the adjusting of the construction in reaction to the freshly incorporated stuff. Therefore, cognitive development involves an interaction between absorbing new facts to old cognition and suiting old cognition to new facts and the care of structural equilib ration ( Halford 1989 ) . Piaget further explained that without the pattern in drama context, the accomplishments that kids have would be loss. In order for kids to absorb information and explored the environment into their heads and assist kids to do sense of it is through drama. Play enable kids to larn work outing job, it help kids able to associate with their old acquisition and obtain new accomplishments, new constructs, able to happen ways to derive more cognition. Children act in an environment by manipulate with different stuffs, equipment-increased kids ‘s cognition. In Piaget ‘s theory, he has recognized that kids move through four wide phases of development, each of which is characterized by a qualitatively distinguishable manner of thought. In detector motor phase, cognitive development begins with the babe ‘s usage of the senses and motions to research the universe. These action patterns evolve into the symbolic but unlogical thought of the kindergartners in the preoperational phase. Then knowledge is transformed into the more organized logical thinking of the school age kids in the concrete operational phase. Finally, in the formal operational phase, thought becomes the complex, abstract concluding system of the stripling and grownup. Harmonizing to Piaget, the development of the kids ‘s cognitive abilities will merely reflected in the growing of their powers of perceptual experience, linguistic communication, co ncluding and problem-solving abilities. Piaget ( 1962 ) believed that kids are active scholars ; kids learn best from the activities they plan, carry out and reflect. Children would be after the activities they are interested in order to prosecute, derive direct experience and use logical believing to their job work outing accomplishments. Harmonizing to Piaget when kids are actively utilizing their head to seek for possible reply, work outing job is a critical facet because kids are mentally building assorted possibilities. In order for effectual acquisition to happen, active engagement is needed to let kids to pull strings stuffs during their acquisition so that they can research ‘what happens if.. ? ‘ Children will be chew overing over higher cognitive-level inquiries, which result them to dispute their thought and coerce them to use, analyze, synthesis or measure what they have learned. Active acquisition besides encourages kids to happen application and illustrations of the freshly learned constructs and brainstorming solutions to jobs ( Mclnerney & A ; Mclnerney 2008 ) . Researcher have besides conclude that kids who participate activity in dramatic drama which besides know as make-believe drama during the preschool old ages has a higher mark on the degrees of imaginativeness and creativeness and this enhance the ability of believing inventively ( Freyberg, 1973, Pepler & A ; Ross, 1981 ) . When kids engaged in dramatic drama or feign drama, they transform the object and actions symbolically. Bergen ‘s survey says that in make-believe drama, kids are practising dialogue, function pickings and job resolution. Vygotsky ‘s theory besides supported that when kids constructed new cognition through their drama, whether they are practising what they have learned in other scenes or they are building new cognition, it is clear that drama has a valuable function in the early childhood schoolroom. Jerome Bruner ( 1972 ) and Brian Sutton Smith ( 1967 ) both maintained that drama provides a comfy and relaxed ambiance in which kids can larn to work out a assortment of jobs. Subsequently, when kids are confronted with the more complex jobs of the existent universe, â€Å" the acquisition that took topographic point during drama is of great benefit to them. † ( Hughes, 2010 p.27 )DecisionThe term of job resolution is used in different signifiers in the literature and job work outing screens a assortment of countries which range from seting mystifiers together, to work out simple scientific discipline and arithmetic jobs, and besides â€Å" to the solution of mental, logical, societal, and mechanical jobs. † ( Bullock, 2000, p.24 ) . Research has found that when a kid is given a peculiar job to work out, the kid has to find the conditions, see the process and stairss taken to work out the job. Gagne ( 1970 ) considers that when a individual ‘s is work outing job, it involves the highest cognitive abilities of which 1 is capable. Young kids learn job work outing accomplishments largely through drama and job resolution is the foundation of a immature kid ‘s acquisition. Educator should value, promote and supply job work outing chances in the early childhood schoolroom. As job work outing occurs in the mundane context of a kid ‘s life, it is the best chances for kids to near jobs in different ways in order to work out them.

Mao Study Guide

Mao’s Rise To Power I. Mao first got into radical issues in his home  province  of  Hunan, because there were large spheres of influences there II. In 1920, Mao stumbled upon Professor Chen Tu-hsiu,  China’s foremost Marxist. He gave Mao a position selling party literature in a bookshop III. Mao rose in status to provincial party leader soon afterward IV. In 1923, the Nationalist Party sought help and money from another source, so they joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The CCP was being given money from the Soviets V. Soon after the Nationalist Party leader’s (Sun Yat-sen) death, Chiang Kai-shek took leadership of the Nationalists and separated themselves from the CCP because they didn’t want  China  to turn into a Soviet satellite state VI. Chiang began killing off the CCP. Mao and the CCP went on a Long March, or retreat using guerilla tactics, to Yan’an to flee from the Nationalists. They set up their base there because it was in the north, closer to the  Soviet Union, where they could get help VII. Chiang was very violent and killed many of his political opponents in the cities. This was more visible to the people than Mao’s violence in the countryside VIII. Most people knew that Chiang’s regime was corrupt, inefficient, and could not deal with inflation and famine IX. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident led to the full-scale invasion of the Japanese in 1937. This would last until the end of WWII in 1945. During this time: a. A truce was called between the Nationalists and CCP b. The Nationalists did the brunt of the fighting against the Japanese c. The Nationalists and CCP were given weapons from the  U. S. to fight the Japanese d. The Red Army was built up and members of the CCP were built up by the â€Å"mass line†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  i. Trained communists were sent in groups into the communities, where they said they had come to listen to the desires and ideas of the people   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ii. On their return, the party would then learn what measures would appeal and adapt to their own policies which would be presented to the people e. To brainwash newcomers, Mao did the Yenan Terror during WWII: i. Used a Chinese KGB   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ii. Held denunciation rallies (you were forced to stand in front of peers and admit guilt (things that you did against the Communist ideology) even though you didn’t do them)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  iii. Singing, dancing, and humor were stopped   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  iv. All types of torture were u sed 1. Whipping 2. Hanging 3. Sleep deprivation v. No press   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  vi. Thought examination (you were forced to write down thoughts against the Communist ideology and accuse others of the same) f. After the Yenan Terror, Mao had gotten rid of enough opponents to claim himself supreme leader of the CCP X. After WWII, the Nationalists didn’t have enough manpower because  China  was so large in territory: a. Manchuria  (rich in mineral and coal deposits) was turned over from the Soviets to the CCP b. CCP took over many areas that the Japanese formerly held XI. The Marshall Mission led to a cease-fire between the Nationalists and CCP, so the Nationalists demilitarized over a million troops: a. Many troops did not have strong ties to the Nationalists (because they were former warlord troops) b. They were not helped to integrate into society, so they joined the CCP c. These troops located former Japanese weapons depots and showed the CCP how to work the weapons XII. The civil war started up again in 1946 and by October 1949, Mao proclaimed the People’s Republic of  China Rise/Consolidation of Power I. Eliminated political parties and churches II. Land was seized from landlords and many were executed III. Sanfan, Wufan, and Sufan campaigns were purges against ntelligentsia and CCP IV. Hundred Flowers Campaign was sneaky way to seek out political opponents by allowing them temporarily to speak out. The Anti-Rightist Campaign got rid of anyone who had spoken out against Mao V. Cultural Revolution called for students (called Red Guards) to safeguard Mao by getting rid of art, teachers, members of the CCP, or anything counter to the revolution VI. Laogoi were forced labo r camps VII. A compilation of Mao’s essays were put together in the â€Å"Little Red Book† and taught in all schools VIII. Rectification movements† served to eliminate intellectuals who Mao thought were dangerous by sending them to the countryside or killing them IX. Used speeches, propaganda posters, media, poets, film, etc. to prop up Mao’s â€Å"cult of personality† Previous Conditions I. China  was dominated by spheres of influence – places of foreign domination where the Chinese were looked upon as inferiors II. The country was not unified and had many provinces run by warlords, who were people not subservient to the government III. Previous governments were unstable and corrupt – the Manchu Dynasty had recently fallen – 1911, Yuan Shikai (a military general) ran the country for the next four years – 1912-1916, the warlord era was a period of chaos and great disunity – 1916-1925 IV. There were many economic problems: a. Widespread poverty b. Heavy taxes c. Large disparity between rich and poor d. Backward industry e. Few owned land V. Chiang was totalitarian and used violence to suppress political opponents; his government was also corrupt and took money from the peasants Successes I. Built up a following through charm and manipulation, allowing him to rise up in the CCP II. Escaped the Nationalist army and set up base in the north during the Long March III. Built up the CCP army and following during WWII through the â€Å"mass line† IV. Used the Yenan Terror to instill the ideology, brainwash and instill fear in his followers. All were loyal to Mao after the terror V. Yenan Terror was also used to brainwash people into thinking that Chiang was the enemy so that Mao would garner more support VI. Used the end of WWII to grab former Japanese occupied territory in  China VII. Acquired and successfully used demilitarized, former Nationalist troops in the Civil War after the Marshall Mission VIII. Won the Chinese Civil War because of the weakened Nationalist army and became dictator of the People’s Republic of  China IX. Ousted all political parties so that his CCP was the only one X. Churches were closed; Christianity, Buddhism, and Confucianism were denounced – this allowed less potential sources of opposition XI. Marriage Law gave more rights to women, such as the right to own property, no more foot binding, and consensual marriage XII. Health reforms were made to take the nation off it’s opium addiction, such as harsher penalties, rehabilitation, and education campaigns XIII. Under the Agrarian Reform Law, peasants were given land from rich landlords XIV. Ousted foreigners, so he got rid of all possible spheres of influence and any semblance of outside control XV. Hundred Flowers Campaign revealed those who opposed the regime, enabling Mao to get rid of them later on through the Anti-Rightist Campaign XVI. Mao regained power (after his Great Leap Forward failure) through the Cultural Revolution, a purge of teachers, art, and party officials XVII. Used the Little Red Book, speeches, posters, badges, etc. to successfully build up his â€Å"cult of personality†. His face was everywhere Failures I. Didn’t have the amphibious forces to pursue the Nationalists in  Taiwan II. First Five Year Plan built up industry, but failed to reach the target goals and lagged behind the industry of large industrial countries III. Mao also wanted to raise output in factories, so common sense and rules went to the wayside in the name of speed. Accidents frequently caused tens of thousands of deaths IV. Anything that peasants could melt down into steel was put in backyard furnaces. Much of the steel was unusable for industry V. Forests were stripped of trees to be used as fuel, so deforestation was widespread VI. Mao ordered huge drives to build irrigation systems using poor equipment. Some of these projects are still unstable today VII. In the Great Leap Forward, collectivization failed, as food was forcefully taken from the peasants because Mao wanted to export the food for industry/weapons (he wanted to be a superpower). 38 million died of famine and disease. Agriculture continued to lag. Mao temporarily fell from power VIII. Sanfan, Wufan, Sufan, Anti-Rightist, and Cultural Revolution terror campaigns were against intellectuals (as well as others), but this got rid of most of the educated people in the country who could’ve helped the economy grow IX. One of the Cultural Revolution’s objectives was to wipe out anything cultural, so a generation of culture was wiped out X. The people responsible for carrying out the Cultural Revolution were students, so schools were closed during this time. Education was stopped completely during this period